KR002 · Sijil Pengajian Buddhis
Buddhisme dan Para Siswa Buddha
Kaji pengikut utama Buddha, sifat dan sumbangan mereka, diikuti sepuluh pāramī, kamma, kesedaran, kemunculan bersyarat dan Roda Kehidupan.
Rangka kursus dan sokongan pembelajaran. Latihan mingguan tanpa markah. Guru mengesahkan aturan kelas, bacaan pilihan dan tugasan penilaian; syarat kursus disenaraikan di bawah.
Pelan pengajian
1. Sāriputta dan Moggallāna
Sāriputta dan Mahāmoggallāna ialah dua pengikut utama Buddha. Sāriputta dikaitkan dengan kebijaksanaan dan penerangan jelas; Moggallāna dengan kemampuan meditasi serta luar biasa dalam kisah tradisi. Kaji peranan mereka menyokong komuniti. Tradisi Ullambana Asia Timur kemudian menampilkan Maudgalyāyana; bezakannya daripada sumber Pāli awal. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Namakan setiap pengikut, huraikan sifat minggu ini dan jelaskan pengajaran praktikal.2. Subhūti dan Puṇṇa
Subhūti ialah pengikut penting; dalam teks Mahāyāna seperti Sutra Berlian beliau terlibat dalam ajaran kekosongan. Punna Mantāniputta (Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra) dikaitkan dengan pengajaran Dhamma. Pelajari nama, konteks dan sifat setiap pengikut. Jangan menyamakan Punna Mantāniputta dengan semua pengikut lain bernama Puṇṇa. Bincangkan kejelasan dan kepekaan terhadap pendengar. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Namakan setiap pengikut, huraikan sifat minggu ini dan jelaskan pengajaran praktikal.3. Kātyāyana dan Anuruddha
Mahākaccāna (Mahākātyāyana) dikaitkan dengan menghuraikan ajaran ringkas Buddha. Anuruddha dikaitkan dengan latihan meditasi dan mata dewa dalam kisah tradisi. Kaji bagaimana penerangan teliti serta latihan berterusan membantu komuniti. Huraikan ajaran ringkas dengan kata sendiri sambil mengekalkan makna. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Namakan setiap pengikut, huraikan sifat minggu ini dan jelaskan pengajaran praktikal.4. Upāli dan Rāhula
Upāli dikaitkan dengan disiplin monastik, Vinaya. Kisah pentahbisannya mengajak perbincangan latar sosial dan penghormatan dalam Saṅgha. Rāhula, anak serta pengikut Buddha, menunjukkan kesediaan belajar. Dalam MN 61 beliau diajar merenung tindakan sebelum, semasa dan selepas, menilai mudarat diri serta orang lain. Bezakan disiplin monastik daripada latihan pelajar awam. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Namakan setiap pengikut, huraikan sifat minggu ini dan jelaskan pengajaran praktikal.5. Ānanda dan Mahākassapa
Ānanda menjadi pembantu Buddha dan dikenang kerana pembelajaran, ingatan serta penyampaian ajaran. Mahākassapa dikaitkan dengan amalan sederhana dan kepimpinan selepas Buddha wafat. Kisah tradisional menghubungkan mereka dengan Majlis Pertama: Ānanda membacakan wacana dan Upāli Vinaya di bawah Mahākassapa. Bincangkan pemeliharaan melalui bacaan bersama. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Namakan setiap pengikut, huraikan sifat minggu ini dan jelaskan pengajaran praktikal.6. Kemurahan hati, moral, pelepasan dan kebijaksanaan
Dāna ialah kemurahan hati melalui sumber, masa atau bantuan dengan niat baik. Sīla ialah etika yang menghindari mudarat melalui tubuh dan pertuturan. Kedua-duanya saling menyokong: hadiah mahal bukan semestinya baik dan jangan memberi milik orang tanpa izin. Dalam Jātaka, kenal pasti niat serta kesan kepada pihak terlibat. Nekkhamma ialah pelepasan keterikatan untuk memberi ruang kepada amalan. Ia merangkumi ideal monastik; pengamal awam boleh bersederhana dan melepaskan tabiat tidak membantu. Paññā ialah kebijaksanaan memahami tindakan, keadaan dan jalan, bukan sekadar mengumpul fakta. Kedua-duanya menilai sama ada pilihan menyokong kesejahteraan dan pembebasan. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Beri satu contoh harian setiap empat sifat.7. Usaha dan kesabaran
Viriya ialah tenaga untuk amalan baik: bermula, berusaha berterusan dan mencuba lagi selepas kesukaran. Khanti ialah kesabaran menghadapi kesukaran tanpa dikuasai kebencian. Usaha bukan kerja berlebihan dan sabar tidak menghalang bantuan atau perlindungan daripada mudarat. Contohnya meneruskan tugas baik sambil menerima kritikan dengan tenang. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Jelaskan perbezaan dua sifat dan bagaimana saling menyokong.8. Kejujuran dan tekad
Sacca ialah kebenaran dalam pertuturan dan tingkah laku. Adhiṭṭhāna ialah tekad mengekalkan azam baik. Amalan jujur mengakui kesilapan; tekad membetulkan arah, bukan mempertahankan kesilapan secara degil. Tepati komitmen realistik, jelaskan kegagalan dengan benar dan cuba lagi. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Jelaskan perbezaan dua sifat dan bagaimana saling menyokong.9. Kasih sayang dan keseimbangan batin
Mettā ialah niat baik kepada diri dan orang lain tanpa menuntut balasan. Upekkhā ialah keseimbangan batin untuk bertindak stabil dan adil apabila keadaan berubah, bukan sikap tidak peduli. Kedua-duanya menyokong tindakan prihatin tanpa kebencian, keterikatan atau reaksi berlebihan terhadap pujian dan celaan. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Jelaskan perbezaan dua sifat dan bagaimana saling menyokong.10. Kamma
AN 6.63 mengenal pasti niat sebagai kamma, melalui tubuh, pertuturan dan minda. Ini tidak bermakna semua kejadian wajar diterima atau disebabkan tindakan lampau sahaja. SN 36.21 menyenaraikan pelbagai keadaan yang menimbulkan kesakitan dan menolak dakwaan bahawa semua perasaan berpunca daripada perbuatan lampau. Pertimbangkan pilihan kini bersama keadaan fizikal, sosial dan persekitaran. Tanyakan cara mengurangkan mudarat, bukan menyalahkan orang yang mengalami kesusahan. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Tulis semula “penderitaannya ialah kammanya” menjadi respons selaras dengan kedua-dua sumber. Jelaskan niat dan dua keadaan lain.11. Kesedaran dan Dhamma harian
Dalam wacana ini, kesedaran penuh berfungsi bersama kefahaman jelas dan arah etika. MN 10 mengatur pemerhatian tubuh, perasaan, minda dan prinsip. Menyedari marah berbeza daripada meluahkannya atau berpura-pura ia lenyap. Dalam latihan ringkas, beri perhatian kepada sentuhan tubuh atau pernafasan semula jadi, sedari gangguan dan kembali dengan lembut. Postur selesa serta mata terbuka diterima. Tujuannya pemerhatian, bukan jaminan ketenangan. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Perhatikan aktiviti biasa selama tiga minit, atau huraikan selepasnya jika latihan tidak selesa. Bezakan pemerhatian deria, perasaan dan tafsiran. Jangan laporkan maklumat klinikal peribadi.12. Kemunculan bersyarat dan Roda Kehidupan
Kemunculan bersyarat menerangkan penderitaan melalui keadaan serta penghentiannya. Dua belas pautan: kejahilan, bentukan, kesedaran, nama-rupa, enam asas deria, sentuhan, perasaan, keinginan, keterikatan, penjelmaan, kelahiran dan tua-kematian. Pelajari urutan melalui SN 12.2; contoh perasaan dan keinginan hanya menggambarkan sebahagiannya. Roda Kehidupan menggambarkan saṃsāra. Haiwan di pusat melambangkan kejahilan, keterikatan dan kebencian; alam meliputi dewa, asura, manusia, haiwan, hantu lapar dan neraka. Lingkaran luar menunjukkan dua belas pautan. Fahami sebagai imej kosmologi dan pengajaran tradisional, bukan label untuk orang hidup. Latihan dan perbincangan (tanpa markah) Label dua belas pautan serta bahagian utama imej Roda Kehidupan dengan sumber.
Panduan penilaian dan pembelajaran
Tempoh: 12 minggu
Syarat pendaftaran
Pendaftaran Sijil Pengajian Buddha diperlukan; biasanya lengkapkan MT001 atau YT1000 dan KR001 dahulu.
Penilaian
Kuiz 20%, aktiviti 20%, kehadiran 30%, penilaian akhir 30%. Kuiz dan penilaian akhir biasanya buku terbuka kecuali diumumkan sebaliknya.
Aktiviti 20%: renungan pengikut 5%, pāramī harian 5%, Dhamma Living atau aktiviti kuil 10%.
Sekurang-kurangnya 17/30 markah kehadiran; kira-kira 7 daripada 12 sesi. Kehadiran penuh untuk markah penuh; klasifikasi mengikut dasar Institut.
Guru dan penyelaras tidak dinyatakan dalam panduan. Pertanyaan: education@ti-ratana.org.
Bacaan sumber
- https://suttacentral.net/mn24/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/mn18/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/dn16/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/an1.188-197/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/mn61/en/sujato
- https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel409.html
- https://suttacentral.net/an6.63/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/sn36.21/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/mn10/en/sujato
- https://suttacentral.net/mn118/en/sujato
- https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html
- https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6021
Panduan program asal (Inggeris)
KR002: BUDDHISM AND THE DISCIPLES OF THE BUDDHA
Overview
This course forms part of the Certificate of Buddhist Studies and focuses on the Buddha's disciples and the early Buddhist community.
Through the study of important disciples and their stories, students examine different qualities of Buddhist practice, service, wisdom, discipline and spiritual development.
The course also provides an opportunity to understand how the Sangha and lay Buddhist community developed during and after the Buddha's lifetime.
Duration
12 weeks
Enrolment Requirements
Students undertaking KR002 as part of the Certificate of Buddhist Studies should normally have completed:
MT001 or YT1000: Introduction to Buddhism
KR001: The Countless Past Lives of Gautama Buddha
2026 Course Information
KR002: BUDDHISM AND THE DISCIPLES OF THE BUDDHA
Overview
This course explores the lives, qualities and contributions of the Buddha's principal disciples and examines how their examples relate to Buddhist practice.
Students study the Ten Principal Disciples, including their distinctive qualities, roles within the early Buddhist community and contributions to the preservation and transmission of the Dhamma.
The course then develops students' understanding of the Ten Paramitas (Perfections) and their application in Buddhist practice and daily life.
Students are also introduced to further Buddhist teachings and practices including kamma, mindfulness, dependent origination and the Wheel of Life.
Practical Dhamma Living components may also be incorporated throughout the course, including Buddhist customs, festivals, chanting, temple practices and the application of Buddhist values in everyday situations.
Duration
12 weeks
Course Value
1 credit point
Enrolment Requirements
Prerequisites
Students undertaking KR002 as part of the Certificate of Buddhist Studies should normally have completed:
MT001 or YT1000: Introduction to Buddhism
KR001: The Countless Past Lives of Gautama Buddha
Enrolment Rule
Students must be enrolled in the Certificate of Buddhist Studies programme.
Learning Outcomes
On successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
Identify the principal disciples of Gautama Buddha and explain their respective qualities and contributions.
Explain the role of the Buddha's disciples in the development and preservation of the early Buddhist community and teachings.
Understand and explain the Ten Paramitas and their significance in Buddhist practice.
Apply qualities represented by the Paramitas to situations encountered in everyday life.
Explain basic Buddhist understandings of kamma and the relationship between actions, intentions and consequences.
Demonstrate an introductory understanding of mindfulness and dependent origination.
Interpret the principal elements represented in the Buddhist Wheel of Life.
Relate Buddhist teachings, practices and traditions to personal and community life.
Indicative Syllabus
Week 1: The Great Disciples — Introduction, Sariputta and Moggallana
Topics include:
Introduction to the Ten Principal Disciples
The role of disciples in the Buddha's ministry
Sariputta (Shariputra) and his association with wisdom
Moggallana (Mahāmoggallāna) and his place among the Buddha's chief disciples
The relationship between Sariputta and Moggallana
Their contributions to the Buddhist community
Moggallana and the later Buddhist traditions associated with Ullambana
Week 2: Subhuti and Punna
Topics include:
Subhuti and his association with teachings on emptiness
Subhuti in later Mahayana Buddhist literature
Punna Mantaniputta / Purna Maitrayani-putra
Punna as a teacher and preacher of the Dhamma
Communication and the effective teaching of Buddhism
Applying the qualities of the disciples to contemporary Dhamma education
Week 3: Katyayana and Anuruddha
Topics include:
Mahakaccana / Katyayana and his ability to explain the Buddha's teachings
The role of interpretation and explanation in transmitting the Dhamma
Anuruddha and the practice of mindfulness
Anuruddha's relationship with the Buddha
The disciples' roles during important events in the early Buddhist community
Their participation in the preservation of Buddhist teachings
Week 4: Upali and Rahula
Topics include:
Upali and his association with the Vinaya
Upali's background and ordination
Equality and social distinctions in the early Buddhist community
The preservation of monastic discipline
Rahula as the Buddha's son and disciple
Rahula's training and Buddhist education
The importance of being willing to learn and receive guidance
Week 5: Ananda and Mahakassapa
Topics include:
Ananda as attendant to the Buddha
Ananda's memory and preservation of the Buddha's teachings
The role of oral transmission in early Buddhism
Mahakassapa and ascetic practice
Mahakassapa's leadership following the Buddha's passing
The First Buddhist Council
The importance of preserving the Dhamma for future generations
This lesson may also incorporate an introduction to Buddhist chanting and hymns as part of Dhamma Living Skills.
The Ten Paramitas
Week 6: Generosity, Morality, Renunciation and Wisdom
Students are introduced to the concept of the Paramitas or Perfections and their importance to Buddhist spiritual development.
Topics include:
Dana — Generosity
Giving
Sharing
Selflessness
Generosity in daily life
Sila — Morality
Ethical conduct
Buddhist precepts
Developing wholesome behaviour
Nekkhamma — Renunciation
Non-attachment
Letting go of unhealthy attachment
Understanding the relationship between attachment and suffering
Panna — Wisdom
Developing understanding and insight
Applying wisdom to one's decisions
Distinguishing wisdom from mere knowledge
Week 7: Energy and Patience
Viriya — Energy and Effort
Topics include:
Spiritual effort
Diligence
Perseverance
Developing wholesome habits
Maintaining Buddhist practice
Using effort for the benefit of oneself and others
Khanti — Patience
Topics include:
Patience and forbearance
Enduring difficulties constructively
Responding to other people without hatred
Acceptance of uncertainty
Developing composure in difficult situations
Patience as an aspect of Buddhist practice
Week 8: Truthfulness and Determination
Sacca — Truthfulness
Topics include:
The importance of truthfulness
Truthful speech
Conventional and ultimate understandings of truth
Honesty in Buddhist practice
Truthfulness as a quality developed through conduct
Adhitthana — Determination
Topics include:
Resolution and determination
Commitment to Buddhist practice
Maintaining one's intentions
Discipline and consistency
Examples of determination within Buddhist practice and monastic life
Week 9: Loving-Kindness and Equanimity
Metta — Loving-Kindness
Topics include:
Developing goodwill towards oneself and others
Responding to hatred without hatred
Metta as a Buddhist mental quality and practice
Distinguishing loving-kindness from attachment
Applying kindness in everyday relationships
Upekkha — Equanimity
Topics include:
Even-mindedness
Non-attachment
Responding impartially to changing circumstances
Avoiding excessive reactions based on likes and dislikes
Equanimity as a foundation for wiser responses
Further Buddhist Teachings
Week 10: Kamma — The Law of Cause and Effect
Topics include:
Introduction to kamma
Intention and action
Actions of body, speech and mind
Wholesome and unwholesome actions
Actions and consequences
Common misconceptions surrounding kamma
Why kamma should not be understood merely as reward and punishment
Applying Buddhist ethical reasoning to complex situations
Students may participate in case-study discussions requiring them to consider intentions, actions, consequences and ethical responsibility.
Week 11: Mindfulness and Dhamma in Daily Life
Topics include:
Introduction to mindfulness
Awareness of thoughts, behaviour and actions
Avoiding simplistic judgements about people
Applying mindfulness before reacting
Mindfulness and ethical decision-making
Relating Buddhist teachings to real-life situations
Developing Dhamma Living Skills
Practical components may include:
Guided mindfulness or meditation
Buddhist chanting
Reflection exercises
Discussions on applying Buddhist values in school, university, work, family and community life
Week 12: Dependent Origination and the Wheel of Life
Topics include:
Introduction to dependent origination
Understanding conditionality
The principle that phenomena arise dependent upon conditions
The Three Poisons: ignorance, attachment and aversion
Kamma and the cycle of existence
The Six Realms
The Twelve Links of Dependent Origination
Impermanence
Dukkha
Liberation from the cycle of existence
Understanding the symbolism of the Buddhist Wheel of Life
The concluding lesson provides an opportunity for students to connect the teachings studied throughout KR002, including the Great Disciples, Paramitas, kamma and mindfulness.
Dhamma Living and Practical Learning
Dhamma Living activities may be incorporated throughout the course rather than taught as separate academic units.
Activities may include:
Sharing and generosity in daily life
Buddhist hymns and chanting
Introduction to Vassa and Kathina
Temple customs and etiquette
Understanding the physical Buddhist temple
Identifying common objects and spaces within a Buddhist centre
Puja and meditation
Participation in Buddhist festivals
Discussion of contemporary ethical situations
Applying the Paramitas to daily life
Where appropriate, a temple learning activity or field trip may be organised to allow students to apply what they have learned in a physical Buddhist environment.
Assessment
Within-semester assessment: 70%
Final assessment: 30%
Attendance — 30%
Full attendance is required to receive full attendance marks.
Students must obtain at least 17 out of 30 attendance marks, corresponding approximately to attendance at 7 of the 12 scheduled sessions.
Late, excused and other attendance classifications may receive reduced attendance marks according to Institute policy.
Quizzes — 20%
Indicative topic areas:
The Great Disciples — 5%
The Ten Paramitas I — 5%
The Ten Paramitas II — 5%
Kamma, Mindfulness and Dependent Origination — 5%
Quizzes are normally completed online or on-site using a digital device with internet access.
Unless otherwise announced, quizzes are open-book.
Activities — 20%
Activities may include:
Great Disciples Reflection — 5%
Students select one of the Buddha's principal disciples and explain a quality demonstrated by that disciple that remains relevant to Buddhist practice today.
Paramitas in Daily Life — 5%
Students complete an individual or group activity demonstrating how one or more Paramitas can be applied to a contemporary situation.
Dhamma Living / Temple Activity — 10%
Students participate in an approved practical Buddhist learning activity.
This may include:
A temple learning activity
Field-trip reflection
Buddhist festival participation
Puja or chanting activity
Group presentation
Practical Dhamma Living project
Final Assessment — 30%
The final assessment covers the principal topics taught throughout KR002.
Indicative areas include:
The Great Disciples
The Ten Paramitas
Kamma
Mindfulness
Dependent Origination
The Wheel of Life
Application of Buddhist teachings to daily life
Method: Online or on-site using a digital device with internet access.
Unless otherwise announced, the final assessment is open-book.
Indicative Weekly Workload
Pre-Class
Students may be required to:
Review assigned learning materials
Access the Institute's learning platform
Check announcements
Complete short preparation activities
In-Class
Classes may consist of approximately:
45 minutes of teaching
25 minutes of discussion and Dhamma Living activities
20 minutes of Puja, meditation, hymns or other practical activities
Post-Class
Selected weeks may include:
Quizzes or reflection activities
Group work and presentations
Assessment preparation
Course Contacts
Course Coordinator: -
Teacher: -
Email: -